Simple .NET/ASP.NET PDF document editor web control SDK

You can sort results based on the values of more than one column. The following query sorts on the basis of two columns, salary and dept: SQL> SELECT employee_id, salary FROM employees ORDER BY salary, dept;

SQL provides you with a number of operators to perform various tasks, such as comparing column values and performing logical operations. The following sections outline the important SQL operators: comparison operators, logical operators, and set operators.

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Comparison operators compare a certain column value with several other column values. These are the main comparison operators: BETWEEN: Tests whether a value is between a pair of values IN: Tests whether a value is in a list of values LIKE: Tests whether a value follows a certain pattern, as shown here: SQL> SELECT employee_id from employees WHERE dept LIKE 'FIN%';

respawning too fast. Init will then disable the respawn of the job for a period of time since it recognizes that there is some type of issue with the configured entry. The issue could be that the configured job runs and exits normally whereas respawned jobs should run continuously, or simply that the syntax of the inittab line is incorrect.

The logical operators, also called Boolean operators, logically compare two or more values. The main logical operators are AND, OR, NOT, GE (greater than or equal to), and LE (less than or equal to). Here s an example that illustrates the use of some of the logical operators: SQL> SELECT last_name, city WHERE salary GT 100000 and LE 200000; When there are multiple operators within a single statement, you need rules of precedence. Oracle always evaluates arithmetical operations such as multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction before it evaluates conditions. The following is the order of precedence of operators in Oracle, with the most important first: =, !=, <, >, <=, >= IS NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN, EXISTS NOT AND OR

Sometimes your query may need to combine results from more than one SQL statement. In other words, you need to write a compound query. Set operators facilitate compound SQL queries. Here are the important Oracle set operators: UNION: The UNION operator combines the results of more than one SELECT statement after removing any duplicate rows. Oracle will sort the resulting set of data. Here s an example: SQL> SELECT emp_id FROM old_employees UNION SELECT emp_id FROM new_employees; UNION ALL: The UNION ALL operator is similar to UNION, but it doesn t remove the duplicate rows. Oracle doesn t sort the result set in this case, unlike the UNION operation. INTERSECTION: The INTERSECTION operator gets you the common values in two or more result sets derived from separate SELECT statements. The result set is distinct and sorted. MINUS: The MINUS operator returns the rows returned by the first query that aren t in the second query s results. The result set is distinct and sorted.

Oracle functions manipulate data items and return a result, and built-in Oracle functions help you perform many transformations quickly, without your having to do any coding. In addition, you can build your own functions. Functions can be divided into several groups: single-row functions, aggregate functions, number and date functions, general and conditional functions, and analytical functions.

Managed Compilation and Exception Handling (/EHa)

Single-row functions are typically used to perform tasks such as converting a lowercase word to uppercase or vice versa, or replacing a portion of text in a row. Here are the main single-row functions used in Oracle:

he RCS (Revision Control System) is a set of programs used for source-code version control It is used heavily by programmers to maintain source files and track source-code changes The script in this chapter1 was created in an effort to control configuration files on a system without having to perform the manual check-in and check-out process used with the RCS This is done by replacing your system editor with this script, which in turn calls your editor with the appropriate RCS commands The script demonstrates a few useful techniques: it grabs command-line parameters, it calls the script through a link, and finally it demonstrates the use of the check-in and check-out commands in the RCS Many more features and options are available in the RCS, but they are mostly outside the scope of this discussion.